Bem Test Flow On Flowvella
The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) is a measure of masculinity and femininity, and is used to research gender roles.[1] It assesses how people identify themselves psychologically. Sandra Bem's goal of the BSRI was to examine psychological androgyny and provide empirical evidence to show the advantage of a shared masculine and feminine personality versus a sex-typed categorization.[2] The test is formatted with 60 different personality traits which participants rate themselves based on a 7-point Likert scale. Traits are evenly dispersed, 20 masculine, 20 feminine, and 20 filler traits thought to be gender neutral.[3] All traits in the BSRI are positively valued personality aspects.[4] Numerous past studies have found that gender categorizations are correlated with many stereotypical gendered behaviors.[3]
History[edit]
'In the field of psychology, much research is conducted involving individuals' perceptions of gender roles, and behavioral as well as attitudinal correlates. Gender roles may be defined as 'expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex'. One can also add to this definition the expectations which are held about appropriate personality characteristics.'[5] The Bem Sex-Role Inventory was created by Sandra Bem in an effort to measure androgyny. It was published in 1974. Stereotypical masculine and feminine traits were found by surveying 100 Stanford undergraduate students on which traits they found to be socially desirable for each sex.[3] The original list of 200 traits was narrowed down to the 40 masculine and feminine traits that appear on the present test.[6] Normative data was found from a 1973 sample for 444 males and 279 females and a 1978 sample of 340 females and 476 males all also from Stanford University undergraduates.[3]
Scoring and interpretation[edit]
Participants are asked to rate themselves on each trait using a Likert scale. One indicates never or almost never true, while a seven would indicate always or almost always true.[6] Originally androgyny was calculated by finding the t-ratio difference between masculine and feminine scores; however, in 1981 Bem advises users to utilize a split median technique for more accurate scoring.[3]
Bem Test Flow On Flowvella. Bem Test Flow On Flowvellane. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS How much. Flowvella presented by Brent Brookler at New Tech Seattle on January 20th, 2015.
The Bem Sex-Role Inventory offers four different possible resulting categorizations: masculine, feminine, androgynous and undifferentiated. Previously, an androgynous score was thought to be the result of equal masculine and feminine traits, while a sex-typed masculine or feminine score is the result of more traits belonging in one or the other category. The fourth type of score, undifferentiated, was seen as the result of extremely low masculine and feminine traits.
However, after the change in scoring technique, androgynous is the result of scoring above the median in both masculine and feminine categories. Sex-typed scores, masculine and feminine, are the result of scoring above the median in one gender and below the median in the other. An undifferentiated score is now a result of scoring below the median in both masculine and feminine categories. In other words, since scores are based on normative data, an androgynous classification occurs when a subject scores above 50% of the comparison group in both masculine and feminine categories, while a sex-typed classification is the result of scoring above half the comparison group in only one gender category.[7]
Reliability and validity[edit]
The BSRI is very empirically sound. Bem reports coefficient alphas of .78 for femininity scales and .87 for the masculinity scale. BSRI, also has demonstrated high test-retest reliability.[3]
However, since this is a self-report inventory, how reliable the assessment is depends on how accurately participants rate themselves. An androgynous score is the result of extremely masculine and feminine scores and an undifferentiated score is the result of extremely low masculine and feminine scores. It has been theorized that perhaps tendencies to rate oneself extremely low and extremely high on traits can affect a subjects' resulting gender placement.[6]
The degree of reliability of each scoring technique is up for debate. When comparing the old t ratio scoring to the newly endorsed median split technique, 42.3% of participants had a different resulting categorization. Since the median split method bases scores more heavily on the normative data of that population, a participant can be categorized differently based on the population of subjects they take the test with. For example, results may differ if the test was administered to a group of marines versus students at a private girls highschool. This challenges the test's between sample reliability.[7] As stated by Elazae Pedhazur in a clip from his critique, 'Bem concludes her discussion by stating, 'Finally, we urge investigators to further analyze their data without categorizing individual subjects in any way, i.e., through the use of multiple regression technique.' While endorsing what appears to be a suggestion to conduct studies within the framework of trait-treatment interactions, one cannot help wondering: Where has androgyny gone?'[8]
Bem Sex-Role Inventory (short form)[edit]
The short form of the BSRI consists of 30 items. It has a strong .90 correlation with the original BSRI. This short form of the test allows for increased internal consistency. Bem reports similar masculinity coefficient alphas and higher femininity coefficient alphas with this form. The short form discards the traits 'feminine', 'masculine', and 'athletic' from the self-report scales. Specifically, the short form removed some feminine traits that could be seen as less socially desirable such as 'gullible' and 'childlike'. Masculine categories depict 'assertive-dominance' and 'instrumentality', while feminine categories depict 'nurtureness-interpersonal warmth' and 'expressiveness'.[3]
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See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
- ^Davis, Shannon N. 'Bem Sex-Role Inventory'. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
- ^American Psychologist (1977) 'Sandra Lipsitz Bem: Early Career Award.' American Psychologist (32)88-89
- ^ abcdefgBem & Sandra Lipsitz (1981) 'Bem Sex-Role Inventory' Mental Measurements Yearbook with Tests in Print, (9)
- ^Lee, Aldora (1982) 'Psychological Androgyny and Social Desirability' Journal of Personality Assessment, (46)147
- ^Cheryl L. Holt; Jon. B. Ellis (1998-12-01). 'Assessing the Current Validity of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory'. Sex Roles. 39 (11/12): 929–941. doi:10.1023/A:1018836923919.
- ^ abcGaa, John P. & Liberman, Dov. (1980) 'Response Tendency on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.' The Journal of Psychology. (2)259
- ^ abSedney, Mars Anne (1981) 'Comments on Median Split Procedures for Scoring Androgyny Measures.' Sex Roles (7)217
- ^Pedhazur, Elazae. 'Bem Sex Role Inventory: A Theoretical and Methodological Critique.' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1979): 996-1016. EBSCOhost. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. <http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&sid=ca8d7727-86ea-47e2-a191-8f083f23dcd3%40sessionmgr111&hid=103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=pdh&AN=1980-29271-001>.
| Type of business | Private |
|---|---|
| Presentation tool | |
| Available in | English |
| Key people | Brent Brookler co-founders |
| URL | https://www.flowvella.com/ |
| Launched | April 2013 |
| Current status | active |
FlowVella is an interactive presentation platform that includes an iPad/iPhone app, a Mac app and web site for viewing presentations, built first for the iPad and web. FlowVella allows users to create, publish and share presentations through their cloud-based SaaS system. FlowVella allows embedding of text, images, PDFs, video and gallery objects in easy linkable screens, defining modern interactive presentations. FlowVella grew out of Treemo Labs.[1][2]
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History[edit]
FlowVella launched as 'Flowboard' on April 18, 2013 after being built for almost a year. FlowVella was incubated out of Treemo Labs, which had years of experience building native apps for iPhone, iPad and Android devices. FlowVella is an iPad app and Mac app where users create, view, publish and share interactive presentations. Presentations are viewable on flowvella.com through a web-based viewer on any device or through the FlowVella native iPad app or Mac app. FlowVella has been featured by Apple in the App Store several times and included in many promotions like '@Work collaboration' and others.[3][4][5]
Flowboard rebrands to FlowVella on December 18, 2014 after a trademark dispute. [6]
Presentation format[edit]
FlowVella is an interactive presentation format where instead of single directional slides, presentations are made up of linkable screens with embeddable media and content objects. While 'Flows' can be exported to PDF, they all have a web address and are meant to be viewed via a web browser or the FlowVella native applications.[7]
Revenue model[edit]
FlowVella uses the freemium model for its presentation apps. Free users can make 4 public presentations with limited number of screens/slides, but most features are available to try out the software. In 2016, FlowVella introduced a second paid plan called PRO which includes team sharing, tracking and newly introduced 'Kiosk Mode' that launched in March of 2017. [8]
Features[edit]
FlowVella is a native iPad app and Mac app which has advantages over web based tools. All downloaded presentations can be viewed offline, without an Internet connection. This includes videos which are enabled by cacheing the video files into memory. For students, teachers, sales people and all users, this is extremely important because this prevents having a presentation fail because of lack of an Internet connection. Beyond the offline capabilities, there is a trend to build native applications versus HTML5 as noted by Facebook and LinkedIn both rebuilding their mobile apps as 100% native applications.[9][10]
References[edit]
- ^'Geekwire article - Treemo Labs Rebrands as Flowboard, Launches iPad Presentation App'.
- ^'TheNextWeb article - Flowboard for Mac roundtrips your presentations from desktop to cloud to iPad and back'.
- ^'Cult of Mac - Flowboard App Will Be The Most Important Free App You Download This Month'.
- ^'CNET - Create amazing presentations on your iPad with Flowboard'.
- ^'Geekwire article - iPad presentation startup Flowboard moves to desktop with Mac product'.
- ^'EnGadget - FlowVella: The presentation app formerly known as Flowboard'.
- ^'Pando Daily - Flowboard Launches'.
- ^'Flowboard App Is Platform For 'Touch Publishing' on iPad'.
- ^'Why Facebook Ditched the Mobile Web & Went Native With its New iOS App'.
- ^'Why LinkedIn dumped HTML5 & went native for its mobile apps'.